Lower scores on the "challenge" factor of the scale were significantly associated with higher scores on the DASS-21 depression scale (

The primary output of this grant is the formal validation study, "Validation of the Parental Facilitation of Mastery Scale–II" , published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology .

This report summarizes the status of research activities associated with , which supported the validation of the Parental Facilitation of Mastery Scale–II (PFMS-II) . Project Overview

To improve clarity, the "low protection" scale was rescored in the opposite direction and renamed the "overprotection" scale , where higher scores reflect higher levels of parental overprotection. Study Demographics

The validation involved (primarily aged 18–27): Sex: 255 women and 132 men.

The research, conducted at the and Wake Forest University , focused on refining and validating a psychometric tool designed to measure how parental behaviors influence a child's development of mastery and resilience. Key Findings